ADD, or Attention Deficit Disorder is more commonly known as Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), as updated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Many use ADD and ADHD interchangeably, however, ADHD is the correct diagnostic term. The DSM-5 breaks ADHD down into three subcategories: Predominantly Inattentive Presentation, Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsive Presentation, and Combined Presentation. ADD is an outdated term that typically refers to an umbrella of the symptoms without specifying a particular “type” of symptom or category.
Characteristics of ADHD
ADHD usually develops during childhood and can last into adulthood. It is characterized by symptoms in both inattentiveness and hyperactivity and impulsiveness. ADHD can present difficulties in multiple settings such as work, school and home due to symptoms such as lack of attention to detail, fidgeting, and an inability to remain seated. Approximately 5% (11,000,000 people in the U.S.) of the population is diagnosed with ADHD. This percent includes both men and women, however, research is largely focused on the male population so an accurate ratio is difficult to determine.
Causes of ADHD
ADHD is said to be caused by irregular brain operations within the executive functioning region. The executive functioning part of the brain is largely responsible for everyday functions such as attention, concentration and memory as well as impulsivity, hyperactivity, and organization skills. ADHD is mainly the product of chemical, structural and connectivity differences in the brain. Specifically, deficits in the ability for dopamine and norepinephrine to aid communication between neurons and brain functions contribute to the differences in processing speeds, performance, and engagement in various daily activities. Of course, as with many disorders, genetics plays an important role in the transmission of the disorder. Various genes have been associated with the prevalence of ADHD, and studies have shown that ADHD runs in families with as many as 40-60% of children of parents with ADHD, also developing ADHD (Biderman et al., 1992; Medine et al, 2003; Barkley, 2008).
Diagnosis & Treatment of ADHD
A psychologist, psychiatrist or psychotherapist can evaluate and diagnose someone with ADHD. Medication and therapy are usual treatments for ADHD. Medication serves to control the brain-based portion of the disorder by trying to normalize brain activity, while therapy addresses the behavior portion. A psychotherapist will help someone change their daily thoughts and coping strategies that align with ADHD symptoms.
If you or someone you know believes they are suffering from ADHD, neuropsychological and psychoeducational testing are available to help you understand the complex components of your brain. Make sure to reach out to your primary care physician who can determine signs and symptoms of ADHD and who can refer you to a psychiatrist or psychologist who can better further assist you in finding the right treatment options.
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